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| Basic Hacking Skills | Základní dovednosti hackera |
| The hacker attitude is vital, but skills are even more vital. Attitude is no substitute for competence, and there's a certain basic toolkit of skills which you have to have before any hacker will dream of calling you one. | Hackerská nátura je důležitá, ale hackerské dovednosti jsou ještě důležitější. Postoje ještě neznamenají povolanost. Existuje jistá základní výbava, kterou musíte mít aby nějakého hackera vůbec napadlo vás hackerem nazývat. |
| This toolkit changes slowly over time as technology creates new skills and makes old ones obsolete. For example, it used to include programming in machine language, and didn't until recently involve HTML. But right now it pretty clearly includes the following: | Tato výbava se s časem mírně mění, jak se mění technologie a vznikají tak nové dovednosti, zatím co jiné se stávají zbytečné. Například dříve do ní patřilo programování ve strojovém jazyce a nepatřila HTML. V dnešní době ale naprosto jasně obsahuje následující: |
| 1. Learn how to program. | 1. Naučte se programovat. |
| This, of course, is the fundamental hacking skill. If you don't know any computer languages, I recommend starting with Python. It is cleanly designed, well documented, and relatively kind to beginners. Despite being a good first language, it is not just a toy; it is very powerful and flexible and well suited for large projects. | To je samozřejmě základní dovednost hackera. Pokud ještě žádný programovací jazyk neznáte pak doporučuji začít s Pythonem. Je to jazyk velmi čistě navržený, dobře dokumentovaný a k nováčkům poměrně přátelský. I přesto, že jde o dobrý jazyk pro začátečníky není to pouze hračka; je to velmi silný a pružný nástroj, vhodný i pro velké projekty. |
| But be aware that you won't reach the skill level of a hacker or even merely a programmer if you only know one language -- you need to learn how to think about programming problems in a general way, independent of any one language. To be a real hacker, you need to have gotten to the point where you can learn a new language in days by relating what's in the manual to what you already know. This means you should learn several very different languages. | Počítejte ale s tím, že úrovně hackera, dokonce ani programátora nedosáhnete pokud budete znát jen jediný programovací jazyk -- musíte se naučit přemýšlet o programátorských problémech v obecné rovině, nezávisle na nějakém konkrétním jazyce. Abyste byl opravdovým hackerem, musíte se být schopni naučit se nový programovací jazyk za pár dní spojováním toho co je v manuálu a toho co již znáte. To znamená, že byste se měl naučit několik opravdu odlišných jazyků. |
| If you get into serious programming, you will have to learn C, the core language of Unix (though it's not the one to try learning first thing). Other languages of particular importance to hackers include Perl and LISP. Perl is worth learning for practical reasons; it's very widely used for active web pages and system administration, so that even if you never write Perl you should learn to read it. LISP is worth learning for the profound enlightenment experience you will have when you finally get it; that experience will make you a better programmer for the rest of your days, even if you never actually use LISP itself a lot. | Pokud se dostanete k vážnému programování, budete se muset naučit C, základní jazyk Unixu (není to ale jazyk vhodný pro úplného začátečníka). Další jazyky, které mohou být hackerovi užitečné jsou Perl a LISP. Perl je dobré umět z praktických důvodů; je to totiž velmi rozšířený jazyk pro vytváření aktivních webových stránek a pro systémovou administraci, takže i když v Perlu nikdy nic psát nebudete je dobré umět ho číst. LISP je cenný pro hluboký náhled, který získáte až ho zvládnete; tato zkušenost z vás udělá lepšího programátora na zbytek vašeho života, i kdybyste ho nikdy příliš nepoužívali. |
| It's best, actually, to learn all four of these (Python, C, Perl, and LISP). Besides being the most important hacking languages, they represent very different approaches to programming, and each will educate you in valuable ways. | Nejlepší je, samozřejmě, naučit se všechny čtyři výše uvedené (Python, C, Perl a LISP). Vedle toho, že představují nejdůležitější hackerské jazyky, representují také velmi rozdílné přístupy k programování a každá vás tak naučí něco cenného. |
| I can't give complete instructions on how to learn to program here -- it's a complex skill. But I can tell you that books and courses won't do it (many, maybe most of the best hackers are self-taught). What will do it is (a) reading code and (b) writing code. | Nemůžu zde dát kompletní návod jak se naučit programovat -- je to složitá dovednost. Můžu vám ale říci, že knihy a kursy to za vás neudělají (mnoho, možná většina nejlepších hackerů jsou samouci). Co funguje je (a) čtení kódu a (b) psaní kódu. |
| Learning to program is like learning to write good natural language. The best way to do it is to read some stuff written by masters of the form, write some things yourself, read a lot more, write a little more, read a lot more, write some more... and repeat until your writing begins to develop the kind of strength and economy you see in your models. | Učit se programovat je jako učit se dobře psát přirozenou řečí. Nejlepší způsob jak to udělat je přečíst si něco od mistrů, napsat něco sám, přečíst víc, napsat o něco málo víc, přečíst ještě víc, napsat o trochu víc, přečíst ještě víc, napsat zase něco... a tak dál dokud vaše vlastní psaní nebude mít takovou sílu a úspornost jako vaše vzory. |
| Finding good code to read used to be hard, because there were few large programs available in source for fledgeling hackers to read and tinker with. This has changed dramatically; open-source software, programming tools, and operating systems (all built by hackers) are now widely available. Which brings me neatly to our next topic... | Najít dobrý kód na čtení bývalo těžké, protože bylo jen málo velkých programů u kterých byl zdroj přístupný pro začínající hackery aby si ho četli a hráli si s ním. To se ale dramaticky změnilo; open-source software, programovací nástroje a operační systémy (všechno vytvořené hackery) jsou v dnešní době široce dostupné. To mě přivádí k dalšímu bodu... |
| 2. Get one of the open-source Unixes and learn to use and run it. | 2. Opatřete si nějaký open-source Unix a naučte se ho používat |
| I'm assuming you have a personal computer or can get access to one (these kids today have it so easy :-)). The single most important step any newbie can take towards acquiring hacker skills is to get a copy of Linux or one of the BSD-Unixes, install it on a personal machine, and run it. | Předpokládám, že máte osobní počítač nebo k němu můžete získat přístup (ty děti to dneska ale mají jednoduché :-)). Nejdůležitějším krokem na cestě každého nováčka stát se hackerem je získat kopii Linuxu nebo některého z BSD-Unixů, nainstalovat ho a používat. |
| Yes, there are other operating systems in the world besides Unix. But they're distributed in binary -- you can't read the code, and you can't modify it. Trying to learn to hack on a DOS or Windows machine or under MacOS is like trying to learn to dance while wearing a body cast. | Ano, existují i jiné operační systémy než je Unix. Ale ty jsou distribuované v binární formě -- nemůžete si číst zdrojáky a modifikovat je. Snažit se naučit hackovat pod DOSem, Windows nebo MacOSem je jako chtít se naučit tancovat ve svěrací kazajce. |
| Besides, Unix is the operating system of the Internet. While you can learn to use the Internet without knowing Unix, you can't be an Internet hacker without understanding Unix. For this reason, the hacker culture today is pretty strongly Unix-centered. (This wasn't always true, and some old-time hackers still aren't happy about it, but the symbiosis between Unix and the Internet has become strong enough that even Microsoft's muscle doesn't seem able to seriously dent it.) | Navíc je Unix operačním systémem Internetu. Zatímco naučit se používat Internet bez znalostí Unixu není problém, být Internetovým hackerem bez znalostí Unixu dost dobře nelze. Proto je hackerská komunita v dnešní době tak úzce spjata s Unixem. (Nebylo tomu vždycky tak a někteří staromilští hackeři z toho nemají radost, ale symbiosa mezi Unixem a Internetem je dnes tak pevná, že se zdá, že ani Microsoft není dost silný na to aby to změnil.) |
| So, bring up a Unix -- I like Linux myself but there are other ways (and yes, you can run both Linux and DOS/Windows on the same machine). Learn it. Run it. Tinker with it. Talk to the Internet with it. Read the code. Modify the code. You'll get better programming tools (including C, Lisp, Python, and Perl) than any Microsoft operating system can dream of, you'll have fun, and you'll soak up more knowledge than you realize you're learning until you look back on it as a master hacker. | Takže zprovozněte Unix -- já osobně mám rád Linux ale jsou i jiné možnosti (a ano, skutečně lze používat na jednom počítači DOS/Windows a Linux zároveň). Naučte se ho. Používejte ho. Hrajte si s ním. Používejte ho ke přístupu na Internet. Čtěte si kód. Upravujte ho. Získáte lepší programátorské nástroje (včetně C, Lispu, Pythonu a Perlu) než o jakých se může kterémukoli Microsoftímu operačnímu systému jen zdát, užijete si zábavu, nasajete do sebe víc znalostí než si vůbec uvědomíte, dokud se neohlédnete zpátky jako mistr hacker. |
| For more about learning Unix, see The Loginataka. | Více o učení Unixu najdete na: The Loginataka. |
| To get your hands on a Linux, see the Where can I get Linux. | Více o získání Linuxu najdete na: Kde získat Linux. |
| You can find BSD Unix help and resources at www.bsd.org. | Pomoc a zdroje týkající se BSD Unixu najdete na:www.bsd.org. |
| (Note: I don't really recommend installing either Linux or BSD as a solo project if you're a newbie. For Linux, find a local Linux user's group and ask for help; or contact the Linux Internet Support Co-Operative. LISC maintains IRC channels where you can get help.) | (Pozn.: Opravdu nedoporučuji instalovat Linux nebo BSD bez pomoci pokud jste nováček. U Linuxu najděte místní "Skupinu uživatelů Linuxu" a požádejte je o pomoc; nebo kontaktujte Linux Internet Support Co-Operative. LISC spravuje IRC channels kde můžete získat pomoc.) |
| 3. Learn how to use the World Wide Web and write HTML. | 3. Naučte se používat World Wide Web a psát HTML |
| Most of the things the hacker culture has built do their work out of sight, helping run factories and offices and universities without any obvious impact on how non-hackers live. The Web is the one big exception, the huge shiny hacker toy that even politicians admit is changing the world. For this reason alone (and a lot of other good ones as well) you need to learn how to work the Web. | Většina věcí, které hackeři vytvořili pracuje mimo zorné pole lidí, pomáhají fungovat továrnám, kancelářím a universitám bez viditelného vlivu na ne-hackerskou populaci. Web je jedna veliká výjimka, velká, zářivá hračka hackerů, u které dokonce i politici připouštějí, že mění svět. Už jen z toho důvodu (a existuje ještě spousta dalších) je dobré naučit se se sítí pracovat. |
| This doesn't just mean learning how to drive a browser (anyone can do that), but learning how to write HTML, the Web's markup language. If you don't know how to program, writing HTML will teach you some mental habits that will help you learn. So build a home page. | To neznamená jenom naučit se používat browser (to umí každý), ale naučit se také psát HTML. Pokud neumíte programovat, psaní HTML vás naučí alespoň některým duševním návykům, které vám pomohou v učení. Vytvořte si tedy svou domovskou stránku. |
| But just having a home page isn't anywhere near good enough to make you a hacker. The Web is full of home pages. Most of them are pointless, zero-content sludge -- very snazzy-looking sludge, mind you, but sludge all the same (for more on this see The HTML Hell Page). | Ale jen vlastnictví domovské stránky rozhodně nestačí na to aby z vás udělalo hackera. Web je plný domovských stránek. Většina je jen nesmyslný, bezcenný odpad -- sice nablýskaný, ale pořád stejný odpad (více na toto téma najdete na The HTML Hell Page). |
| To be worthwhile, your page must have content -- it must be interesting and/or useful to other hackers. And that brings us to the next topic... | Aby byla užitečná, musí mít vaše stránka obsah -- musí být zajímavá a/nebo užitečná jiným hackerům. A to nás přivádí k dalšímu bodu... |
| adultinternetusers > Překlady > Jak se stát hackerem |
| Intro / Search / adultinternetusers |
| Začátek | Předcházející | Další | Obsah... [Seznam překladů] | česky | english | english-česky |
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