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| The Proprietary-Unix Era | Období komerčního Unixu |
| By 1984, when Ma Bell divested and Unix became a supported AT&T product for the first time, the most important fault line in hackerdom was between a relatively cohesive ``network nation'' centered around the Internet and USENET (and mostly using minicomputer- or workstation-class machines running Unix), and a vast disconnected hinterland of microcomputer enthusiasts. | Od roku 1984, kdy se stal Unix poprvé podporovaným produktem díky AT&T, největší trhlina hackerském království se táhla mezi celkem soudržným síťovým národem soustředěným okolo Internetu a USENETu (používajícím hlavně minipočítače nebo pracovní stanice s Unixem) a ostrůvky nepropojených mikropočítačových nadšenců. |
| It was also around this time that serious cracking episodes were first covered in the mainstream press -- and journalists began to misapply the term "hacker" to refer to computer vandals, an abuse which continues to this day. | V té době se také objevily první zprávy o nabourání do systémů v masmédiích a novináři začali nevhodně používat slovo hacker pro počítačové vandaly, a dodnes v tom vytrvávají. |
| The workstation-class machines built by Sun and others opened up new worlds for hackers. They were built to do high-performance graphics and pass around shared data over a network. During the 1980s hackerdom was preoccupied by the software and tool-building challenges of getting the most use out of these features. Berkeley Unix developed built-in support for the ARPANET protocols, which offered a solution to the networking problems associated with UUCP's slow point- to-point links and encouraged further growth of the Internet. | Počítače kategorie pracovních stanic, které stavěl Sun a další, otevřely hackerům nové světy. Měly výkonnou grafiku a mohly si přes síť sdílet data. V osmdesátých letech se hackeři zejména zabývali softwarem a nástroji pro zvýšení efektivity. Do Unixu z Berkeley byla vestavěna podpora pro protokoly ARPANETU, která poskytla řešení pro síťové problémy spojené s UUCP a podpořila další rozvoj Internetu. |
| There were several attempts to tame workstation graphics. The one that prevailed was the X window system, developed at MIT with contributions from hundreds of individuals at dozens of companies. A critical factor in its success was that the X developers were willing to give the sources away for free in accordance with the hacker ethic, and able to distribute them over the Internet. X's victory over proprietary graphics systems (including one offered by Sun itself) was an important harbinger of changes which, a few years later, would profoundly affect Unix itself. | Bylo učiněno několik pokusů o zkrocení grafiky pracovních stanic. Nakonec zvítězil X systém, který vyvinul MIT ve spolupráci se stovkami vývojářů a tucty společností. Rozhodujícím faktorem v jeho úspěchu bylo to, že tvůrci X byli ochotni zveřejnit zadarmo zdrojové kódy v souladu s hackerskou etikou a posílat je přes Internet. Vítězství X nad komerčními grafickými systémy (včetně toho, který nabízel SUN) bylo důležitým zvěstovatelem změn, které za několik let ovlivnily samotný Unix. |
| There was a bit of factional spleen still vented occasionally in the ITS/Unix rivalry (mostly from the ex-ITSers' side). But the last ITS machine shut down for good in 1990; the zealots no longer had a place to stand and mostly assimilated to the Unix culture with various degrees of grumbling. | Stále ještě docházelo ke sporům mezi ITS a Unix hackery (většinou ze strany ITS). Poslední počítač s ITS byl ale odpojen roku 1990 a nadšenci již neměli co bránit a většinou se asimilovali do Unixové kultury s většim či menším vrčením. |
| Within networked hackerdom itself, the big rivalry of the 1980s was between fans of Berkeley Unix and the AT&T versions. Occasionally you can still find copies of a poster from that period, showing a cartoony X-wing fighter out of the ``Star Wars'' movies streaking away from an exploding Death Star patterned on the AT&T logo. Berkeley hackers liked to see themselves as rebels against soulless corporate empires. AT&T Unix never caught up with BSD/Sun in the marketplace, but it won the standards wars. By 1990 AT&T and BSD versions were becoming harder to tell apart, having adopted many of each others' innovations. | V samotné skupině Unixu panovala největší rivalita mezi příznivci Unixu z Berkeley a z AT&T. Dosud ještě můžete narazit na kopii plakátu z tohoto období, který ukazuje X-stihačku z Hvězdných válek, která útočí na explodující Hvězdu smrti s logem AT&T. Hackeři z Berkeley se rádi představovali jako rebelové bojující proti bezduchým komerčním císařstvím. AT&T Unix nikdy nedohnal BSD/Sun na trhu, ale vyhrál válku standardů. Od roku 1990 je stále těžší obě verze odlišit, protože přejaly mnoho inovací druhé strany. |
| As the 1990s opened, the workstation technology of the previous decade was beginning to look distinctly threatened by newer, low-cost and high-performance personal computers based on the Intel 386 chip and its descendants. For the first time, individual hackers could afford to have home machines comparable in power and storage capacity to the minicomputers of ten years earlier -- Unix engines capable of supporting a full development environment and talking to the Internet. | Se začátkem devadesátých let technologie pracovních stanic minulého desetiletí byla stále zřetelněji ohrožována novými, levnějšími a výkonnějšími osobními počítači založenými na Intelu 386 a jeho novějšími variantami. Poprvé si mohli hackeři dovolit koupi domácích počítačů, které měly výkon srovnatelný s minipočítači o deset let staršími a které byly schopné běžet pod Unixem, podporovat kompletní vývojové prostředí a propojit se na Internet. |
| The MS-DOS world remained blissfully ignorant of all this. Though those early microcomputer enthusiasts quickly expanded to a population of DOS and Mac hackers orders of magnitude greater than that of the ``network nation'' culture, they never become a self-aware culture themselves. The pace of change was so fast that fifty different technical cultures grew and died as rapidly as mayflies, never achieving quite the stability necessary to develop a common tradition of jargon, folklore and mythic history. The absence of a really pervasive network comparable to UUCP or Internet prevented them from becoming a network nation themselves. | Svět MS-DOS to vše blaženě ignoroval. Ačkoliv první nadšenci se rychle rozrostli do populace DOS a Mac hackerů, o několik řádů početnější než "populace síťového národa", nikdy se nestaly sebe sama si uvědomujícím společenstvím. Rychlost pokroku byla tak velká, že padesát různých technických kultur vzniklo a zase zaniklo tak rychle, jako jepice, nikdy neměly dost času na to, aby si vytvořily společný jazyk, tradice a legendy. Nepřítomnost všudesahající sítě porovnatelné s UUCP nebo Internetem jim zabránila v tom, stát se národem. |
| Widespread access to commercial on-line services like CompuServe and GEnie was beginning to take hold, but the fact that non-Unix operating systems don't come bundled with development tools meant that very little source was passed over them. Thus, no tradition of collaborative hacking developed. | Začal se rozšiřovat přístup ke komerčním on-line službám jako CompuServe a GEnie, ale to, že ne-Unixové počítače neobsahovaly vývojové prostředí znamenalo, že jen velmi málo zdrojových kódů bylo zveřejňováno. Nevyvinula se tedy žádná tradice kolektivního programování. |
| The mainstream of hackerdom, (dis)organized around the Internet and by now largely identified with the Unix technical culture, didn't care about the commercial services. They wanted better tools and more Internet, and cheap 32-bit PCs promised to put both in everyone's reach. | Hlavní proud hackerství, točící se okolo Internetu a více méně totožný s Unixovou technickou kulturou se nestaral o komerční služby. Chtěl lepší nástroje a více Internetu a levné 32-bitové PC slibovaly to vše umožnit. |
| But where was the software? Commercial Unixes remained expensive, in the multiple-kilobuck range. In the early 1990s several companies made a go at selling AT&T or BSD Unix ports for PC-class machines. Success was elusive, prices didn't come down much, and (worst of all) you didn't get modifiable and redistributable sources with your operating system. The traditional software-business model wasn't giving hackers what they wanted. | Ale kde najít software? Komerční Unix zůstával drahý, v řádu tisíců dolarů. Na počátku devadesátých let několik společností začalo prodávat AT&T nebo BSD Unix pro PC třídu počítačů. Ăšspěch ale nepřicházel, ceny neklesaly a nejhorší ze všeho, se softwarem člověk nedostal modifikovatelné a distribuovatelné zdroje. Tradiční obchodní model nedával hackerům to, co potřebovali. |
| Neither was the Free Software Foundation. The development of HURD, RMS's long-promised free Unix kernel for hackers, got stalled for years and failed to produce anything like a usable kernel until 1996 (though by 1990 FSF supplied almost all the other difficult parts of a Unix-like operating system). | To ale neposkytovalo ani Free Software Foundation. Vývoj HURDu, jádro Unixu pro Hackery, které RMS dlouho sliboval, se na dlouhá léta zastavil a do roku 1996 neposkytl žádné použitelné jádro (ačkoliv od roku 1990 FSF poskytlo téměř všechny ostatní obtížné části operačního systému ve stylu Unixu) |
| Worse, by the early 1990s it was becoming clear that ten years of effort to commercialize proprietary Unix was ending in failure. Unix's promise of cross-platform portability got lost in bickering among half a dozen proprietary Unix versions. The proprietary-Unix players proved so ponderous, so blind, and so inept at marketing that Microsoft was able to grab away a large part of their market with the shockingly inferior technology of its Windows operating system. | Co bylo ještě horší, od počátku 90.let začínalo být jasné, že desetileté úsilí komercializace Unixu selhalo. Slib Unixu o přenosnosti software mezi jednotlivými systémy se ztratil v hašteření půl tuctu komerčních variant Unixu. Komerční poskytovatelé Unixu byli tak nafoukaní, tak slepí a neschopní v marketingu, že Microsoft okupoval velkou část jejich tržního teritoria s podřadnou technologií operačního systému Windows. |
| In early 1993, a hostile observer might have had grounds for thinking that the Unix story was almost played out, and with it the fortunes of the hacker tribe. And there was no shortage of hostile observers in the computer trade press, many of whom hads been ritually predicting the imminent death of Unix at six-month intervals ever since the late 1970s. | Na počátku roku 1993 nepřátelský pozorovatel měl důvody pro to, aby usoudil, že příběh Unixu končí a s ním i osud kmene hackerů. A v počítačovém obchodním tisku bylo takových pozorovatelů dostatek, mnozí z nich rituálně předpovídali konec Unixu v půlročních intervalech od konce 70. let. |
| In those days it was conventional wisdom that the era of individual techno-heroism was over, that the software industry and the nascent Internet would increasingly be dominated by colossi like Microsoft. The first generation of Unix hackers seemed to be getting old and tired (Berkeley's Computer Science Research group ran out of steam and would lose its funding in 1994). It was a depressing time. | V těchto dnech veřejné mínění předpovídalo konec éry jednotlivých technických hrdinů, předpovídalo dominanci kolosů jako Microsoft v oblasti software a začínajícího Internetu. První generace Unixových hackerů se zdála starou a unavenou (výzkumná skupina v Berkeley v roce 1994 přestala být financována). Byly to těžké časy. |
| Fortunately, there had been things going on out of sight of the trade press, and out of sight even of most hackers, that would produce startlingly positive developments in later 1993 and 1994. Eventually, these would take the culture in a whole new direction and to undreamed-of successes. | Naštěstí, mimo pohled komerčního tisku a dokonce i většiny hackerů probíhalo něco, co přineslo překvapující rozvoj na konci roku 1993 a v roce 1994. Nakonec to vše udalo celé kultuře nový směr a nepředstavitelný úspěch. |
| adultinternetusers > Překlady > Stručná historie hackerství |
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