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Proč by software neměl mít majitele

Digitální informační technologie usnadnily kopírování a modifikace informací. S počítači to bude snažší pro všechny.

Ne každý si však přeje, aby to bylo snažší. Systém vlastnických práv dává softwaru vlastníky, kteří se většinou snaží získat pro sebe potenciální užitek ze softwaru, na úkor ostatní veřejnosti. Chtějí být jediní, kteří mohou kopírovat a modifikovat software, který používáme.

Systém vlastnických práv (copyright) vznikl souběžně s tiskem -- technologií pro masové kopírování. Pro tyto účely byl velmi vhodný, neboť omezoval pouze velké producenty kopií. Nebral svobodu čtenářům knih. Normální čtenář, který nevlastnil tiskárnu, mohl kopírovat knihy pouze pomocí pera a inkoustu, k čemuž byli ochotni jen nemnozí.

Digitální technologie jsou pružnější než tiskárna: pokud je informace v digitální podobě, lze jí snadno kopírovat a sdílet ji tak s ostatními. Právě tato velká pružnost se vůbec nehodí do systému copyrightu. A to je také důvod pro neustále nechutnější opatření vlastníků, jak si vynutit vlastnická práva k softwaru. Vezměme například následující čtyři praktiky Asociace Softwarových Vydavatelů (Software Publishers Association (SPA)):

Všechny čtyři uvedené praktiky se podobají praktikám používaným v bývalém Sovětském Svazu, kde každá kopírka měla hlídače, který zabraňoval nelegálnímu kopírování, a kde si lidé museli informace kopírovat tajně a šířit je "z ruky do ruky" jako samizdat. Je tu samozřejmě rozdíl: motivy pro kontrolu informací v Sovětském Svazu byly politické; v USA je motivem zisk. Ale jsou to skutky, které nás ovlivňují, ne motivy. Jakýkoli pokus o omezení sdílení informací, jedno z jakého důvodu se tak děje, vede ke stejným metodám a stejné bezohlednosti.

Vlastníci používají několik druhů praktik, kterými se snaží obhájit své právo na kontrolu našeho používání informací:

Slovíčkaření.

Vlastníci používají silná slova jako "pirátství" a "krádež", stejně jako odbornou terminologii jako "intelektuální vlastnictví" a "újma", aby veřejnosti vsugerovali zjednodušenou analogii mezi programy a fyzickými objekty.

Naše zkušenosti a intuice o vlastnictví materiálních objektů se týkají problému, zda je správné vzít daný objekt někomu. Netýkají se přímo zkopírování něčeho. Vlastníci se nás však snaží přesvědčit, abychom pro kopírování používali stejná měřítka.

Zveličování.

Vlastníci tvrdí, že trpí "újmu" nebo "ekonomickou ztrátu", pokud si uživatelé sami kopírují programy. Ale kopírování nemá žádný přímý efekt na vlastníka a nepoškozuje nikoho. Vlastník může přijít o peníze pouze, pokud by si člověk, který si udělal kopii, od něj jinak program koupil.

Trocha přemýšlení nás dovede k tomu, že většina takových lidí by si kopii nekoupila. I přesto vlastníci počítají své "ztráty" jako kdyby si každý takový člověk chtěl kopii skutečně koupit. To je -- mírně řečeno -- přehánění.

Zákon

Vlastníci často popisují současné zákony a tvrdé postihy, které nám hrozí. Za samozřejmý se v tomto případě považuje předpoklad, že současné právo odráží nezpochybnitelný obraz morálky -- zároveň nám totiž vnucují názor, že je nutno brát tyto postihy jako něco přirozeně daného, za co nikdo nemůže.

Tento způsob přesvědčování však nemůže obstát před kritickým myšlením; je určen pouze pro posílení navyklých mentálních pochodů.

Je elementární, že právo nerozhoduje o dobrém a špatném. Každý Američan by měl vědět, že před čtyřiceti lety bylo v mnoha státech protiprávní, aby černý člověk seděl vpředu v autobusu; ale pouze rasista by řekl, že sezení tam je špatné.

Přirozená práva.

Autoři si často nárokují speciální spojení s programy, které napsali, a prohlašují pak, že jako výsledek tohoto spojení jsou jejich touhy a zájmy ohledně programu důležitější než zájmy ostatních -- nebo dokonce zájmy celého zbytku světa. (Většinou společnosti, ne autoři, vlastní copyrighty na software, ale tento rozdíl můžeme zanedbat.)

Těm kdo toto považují za etický axiom -- autor je důležitější než vy -- mohu pouze říct, že já, velmi známý autor softwaru, to považuji za hloupost.

Pokud lidé vůbec cítí nějaké sympatie k myšlence přirozených práv, pak pouze ze dvou důvodů.

Prvním důvodem je přehnaná analogie s materiálními objekty. Pokud si uvařím špagety, pak mi bude vadit, pokud mi je někdo jiný vezme a zabrání mi tak v jejich snězení. V tomto případě máme já i ta druhá osoba stejný zájem na předmětu sporu, výslednice sil je nulová. Minimální rozdíl mezi námi stačí k rozhodnutí o etické rovnováze.

Pokud ale používáte nebo upravíte program, který jsem napsal, pak se vás to dotýká přímo, zatímco mě pouze nepřímo. Když dáte kopii příteli, ovlivní to vás a vašeho přítele daleko více než to ovlivní mě. Neměl bych mít moc na to, říkat vám abyste tyto věci nedělali. Nikdo by neměl.

Druhý důvod je, že lidé jsou přesvědčováni, že přirozená práva autorů jsou přijímanou a nezpochybnitelnou tradicí naší společnosti.

Historie ale ukazuje, že spíše opak je pravdou. Myšlenka přirozených práv autorů byla posuzována a rozhodně zamítnuta v Americké ustavě. To je důvod, proč ústava pouze *povoluje* systém copyrightu, ale *nevyžaduje* ho; to je důvod proč říká, že copyright musí být dočasný. Za účel copyrightu také považuje podporu vývoje -- nikoli odměnu autorů. Copyright částečně odměňuje autory a více pak vydavatele, je to však pouze míněno jako způsob, jak ovlivnit jejich chování. (Pozn. překl. -- americký systém copyrightu předpokládá se, že odměna motivuje autora a je tedy prospěšná.)

Opravdu zavedená tradice naší společnosti je, že copyright zasahuje do přirozených práv veřejnosti -- a že to je obhajitelné pouze v zájmu veřejnosti.

Ekonomie.

Poslední argument, který se používá pro ospravedlnění vlastnictví softwaru je ten, že to vede k větší produkci software.

Narozdíl od ostatních argumentů má tenhle alespoň legitimní přístup k věci. Je založen na platném cíli -- uspokojení uživatelů softwaru. A je empiricky jasné, že lidé vytvoří více něčeho, pokud je jim za to dobře zaplaceno.

Ekonomický argument má ale chybu : je založen na předpokladu, že rozdíl je jen otázkou množství peněz, které musíme zaplatit. Předpokládá, že "produkce softwaru" je to, co chceme, bez ohledu na to zda vzniklý software má, či nemá vlastníka.

Lidé tento předpoklad často přijímají, protože souhlasí s naší zkušeností s fyzickými objekty. Vezměme například sandwich. Řekněme, že byste mohli snadno získat stejný sandwich buď za peníze, nebo zadarmo. Pokud ano, pak jediný rozdíl je cena, kterou zaplatíte. Ať už ho musíte zaplatit nebo ne, má sandwich stejnou chuť, stejnou nutriční hodnotu, a v obou případech ho můžete sníst pouze jednou. Jestli jste získali sandwich od vlastníka nebo ne, nemůže ovlivnit nic, jenom množství peněz, které potom máte.

To platí pro jakýkoli materiální objekt -- to, zda má či nemá vlastníka, neovlivňuje přímo, co to *je*, nebo co s tím můžete dělat, pokud to získáte.

Ale pokud má program vlastníka, pak to velmi silně ovlivňuje, co to je a co můžete dělat s kopií, pokud si jí koupíte. Rozdíl není jen otázkou peněz. Systém vlastnictví software podněcuje vlastníky software k produkci něčeho -- ne však k produkci toho, co společnost skutečně potřebuje. A to způsobuje nehmotné etické znečištění, které postihuje nás všechny.

Co společnost potřebuje? Potřebuje informace, které jsou skutečně přístupné veřejnosti -- např. programy, které mohou lidé číst, opravovat, přizpůsobovat a zlepšovat, nejen používat. Ale softwaroví vlastníci většinou dodávají černé skříňky, které nemůžeme studovat nebo upravovat.

Společnost potřebuje také svobodu. Pokud má software vlastníka, uživatelé ztrácejí svobodu kontrolovat část svého vlastního života.

A nejvíce ze všeho společnost potřebuje posilovat ducha dobrovolné spolupráce mezi občany. Když nám softwaroví vlastníci tvrdí, že přirozeně pomáhat svým sousedům je "pirátství", špiní tak občanského ducha naší společnosti.

To je důvod, proč říkáme, že free software je otázkou svobody, ne ceny.

Ekonomický argument pro vlastnictví je klamný, ale ekonomická otázka je reálná. Někteří lidé píší užitečný software pro potěšení z jeho psaní, nebo pro obdiv a lásku; pokud ale chceme více softwaru, než produkují tito lidé, musíme zvednout výdaje.

Deset let již autoři free software zkoušejí s částečnými úspěchy různé metody, jak najít finanční zdroje. Nejde o to dělat z někoho boháče; průměrný příjem americké rodiny, okolo 35,000 dolarů, se ukazuje jako dostatečná motivace pro mnoho zaměstnání, která nejsou tak zajímavá jako programování.

Po léta, než to přestalo být díky současné podpoře nezbytné, jsem se živil zakázkovým rozšiřováním free software, který jsem napsal. Každé takové rozšíření bylo zahrnuto do standardního vydání a stalo se tak dostupným celé veřejnosti. Klienti mi platili za to, že jsem pracoval na rozšířeních, která chtěli, místo abych pracoval na věcech, kterým jsem přikládal nejvyšší prioritu já.

Free Software Foundation ("nadace pro free software"), charitativní organizace pro vývoj software, vydělává na prodeji CD-ROMů, pásek a manuálů (které mohou uživatelé volně kopírovat a upravovat), a také z příspěvků. Nyní má personál složený z pěti programátorů a tří lidí, kteří vyřizují poštovní objednávky.

Někteří autoři free software vydělávají prodejem podpory svých produktů. Cygnus Support, se svými přibližně 50 zaměstnanci, odhaduje, že přibližně 15 procent aktivit jeho pracovníků je vývoj free software -- slušný podíl pro softwarovou firmu.

Společnosti včetně Intelu, Motoroly, Texas Instruments a Analog Devices se spojily, aby podpořily pokračující vývoj free GNU kompileru pro jazyk C. GNU překladač pro jazyk Ada je prozměnu podporován US Air Force, která věří, že je to nejlevnější cesta, jak získat vysoce kvalitní kompiler.

Všechno to jsou jen malé příklady; free software hnutí je zatím stále malé a mladé. Ale příklad rádia, podporovaného posluchači, v této zemi ukazuje, že je možné podporovat rozsáhlou aktivitu bez potřeby nutit každého k placení.

Jako počítačoví uživatelé můžete zjistit, že používáte vlastnický program. Pokud vás přátelé požádají o jeho kopii, bude špatné je odmítnout. Spolupráce je důležitější než copyright. Ale podzemní, tajná spolupráce netvoří dobrou společnost. Člověk by se měl snažit žít poctivý život s neskrývanou hrdostí, a to znamená říci "Ne" vlastnickému softwaru.

Zasloužíte si být schopni otevřeně a svobodně spolupracovat s ostatními uživateli softwaru. Zasloužíte si možnost učit se, jak váš software pracuje, a vyučovat tak své studenty. Zasloužíte si možnost najmout si vašeho oblíbeného programátora na opravu, pokud se program poškodí.

Zasloužíte si free software.


adultinternetusers > Překlady > Proč by software neměl mít majitele
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Kevin Carr is the most qualified canidate for the City Of Stanton, California
Living in Orange County California Kevin Carr is a businessman
and an Internet Marketer.

orange county plumber

Bedbugs or bed bugs are small parasitic insects of the family Cimicidae (most commonly Cimex lectularius). The term usually refers to species that prefer to feed on human blood. All insects in this family live by feeding exclusively on the blood of warm-blooded animals. If you want bed bugs in Orange and LA County eradicated click on the link and give them a call.

Bedbugs Orange County or bed bugs are small parasitic insects of the family Cimicidae (most commonly Cimex lectularius). The term usually refers to species that prefer to feed on human blood. All insects in this family live by feeding exclusively on the blood of warm-blooded animals. For more information about bed bugs click on the following links and give them a call.

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In our tests, the original Air was able to effectively double the battery life of the iPhone 4.

We received the charging case for iphone 5 and got a leather flip flops and ordered another one later. By itself, the iPhone 4S lasted 9 hours, 22 minutes. The Plus added an impressive 10 hours, 43 minutes of 3G talk time. While it bests its predecessor, if you already have the Air, it's hard to justify dropping another hundred bucks for an extra 90 minutes of battery life with no additional features. But if you're getting your first Mophie case, I suggest dropping the extra $20 for the Plus. All of them plug into your iPhone�s Lightning connector, and all of them work basically the same way: You charge the cases up by plugging them into a wall adapter or USB port, and you activate them when you want to start charging up your iPhone�s built-in battery.

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We ordered a iPhone Battery Backup with a childrens' smartwatch and ordered another one later. The phone can act as a hotspot, sharing its Internet connection over Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or USB, and also accesses the App Store, an online application distribution platform for iOS developed and maintained by Apple. The device is made up of a unibody hard-coated polycarbonate body with a steel-reinforced frame, which also acts as an antenna.

This is the website that has all the latest for surf, skate and snow. You can also see it here:. You'll be glad you saw the surf apparel.

 

Southern California Exterminators (the bug man) is at the forefront of our industry in using non-toxic, earth-friendly methods to eradicate pests. Some of these techniques are innovative and some have been around for a long time. Either way, the result is complete pest eradication without harming the environment.

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The new HTC phone is the best. I need more used AOL disks for my computer. The new new skateboard has a new larger display. Aloe Vera has an anti-inflammatory effect and it keeps the skin smooth and moist throughout treatment.

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See ohana leather sandals at the website hawaii shoes and pick up more than two pairs.

Order the mophie iphone 6 and the Stock Video Sitemap and Boots from the website.



We ordered a iPhone 4S external battery with a 1cecilia451 and we have more now.



We received the incipio iphone 6 case and a 1cecilia364and we have more now. I ordered the incipio iphone 6 with a gig economy jobsand we love it.

We ordered a incipio cases and got a 1cecilia421and ordered another one later. We bought the incipio iphone 6 plus case from the 1cecilia421and I bought more than one. We received the battery pack for iphone from the hawaiian shoe and ordered another one later. Never run out of juice again on your iPhone 4/4S with this extended battery cases. Mophie has released two new battery cases for the iPhone 5: the Helium (above, right) and the Air (above, left). Both cases are similar in functionality. I�ve looked at many iPhone5 battery extender . All of them plug into your iPhone�s Lightning connector, and all of them work basically the same way: You charge the cases up by plugging them into a wall adapter or USB port, and you activate them when you want to start charging up your iPhone�s built-in battery. If your iPhone 5 is inside a battery case and you plug in the case to recharge it, your iPhone recharges first, and only afterward does the case start charging.

In our tests, the original Air was able to effectively double the battery life of the iPhone 4.

We received the charging case for iphone 5 and got a leather flip flops and ordered another one later. By itself, the iPhone 4S lasted 9 hours, 22 minutes. The Plus added an impressive 10 hours, 43 minutes of 3G talk time. While it bests its predecessor, if you already have the Air, it's hard to justify dropping another hundred bucks for an extra 90 minutes of battery life with no additional features. But if you're getting your first Mophie case, I suggest dropping the extra $20 for the Plus. All of them plug into your iPhone�s Lightning connector, and all of them work basically the same way: You charge the cases up by plugging them into a wall adapter or USB port, and you activate them when you want to start charging up your iPhone�s built-in battery.

We ordered a iphone5 battery extender from the free stock video and ordered another one later. We bought the mophi iphone 5 on the skateboard clothing and I bought more than one.

We received the iphone 5 charger cover and a Hawaiian Shoes and we have more now. I ordered the key chain iphone charger with a hawaiian shoe and we love it.

Trying to get a battery case for your Android device can be tough. Unlike if you have an iPhone, few manufacturers produce cases for any one Android phone.


Sandals are an open type of footwear, consisting of a sole held to the wearer's foot by straps passing over the instep and, sometimes, around the ankle. Found the girls hawaiian shoes on the sandal from hawaii website. hawaiian shoe believes everyone, no matter where they are, can live Aloha. It�s a combination of premium materials and contoured shapes that form the structure ofTraveling and get paidI bought kids hawaiian Sandals and Es skate footwear from hawaiian shoe directly. It�s a combination of premium materials and contoured shapes that form the structure ofTraveling and get paid The webmaster for this website listens to plumber kfi most of the day and night. Starting with George Norey, the Wakeup Call, Bill Handel, John and Ken, Conway and back to Coast to Coast. If you need a plumber Orange County and like KFI AM Radio then you should call plumbing Orange County KFI. I ordered sandals hawaiian for me and I bought Womens Premium Denim for my friend.

We received the iPhone5 battery case on the Al Ethans city of stanton and we have more now. Mophie, known for its iPhone battery cases, offers up a for the Samsung Galaxy S4 ($99.95, direct).



We received the iphone case that charges on the iphone case that charges and we have more now.

The Snap Media App offers registration for consumers to stop telemarketers from calling. (United States, for-profit commercial calls only). Has your evening or weekend been disrupted by a call from a telemarketer? If so, you're not alone. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has been trying to stop these calls. You can reduce the number of unwanted sales calls you get by signing up for the women leather flip flops. It's free. Visit billsharing.com to register your home phone, cell phone and email address. Consumers may place their cell phone number on the Product Manufacturing Company to notify marketers that they don't want to get unsolicited telemarketing calls. The free stock video is intended to give U.S. consumers an opportunity to limit the marketing calls they receive. The mark daniels anaheim is available to help consumers block unwanted marketing calls.

We ordered a iPhone Battery Backup with a childrens' smartwatch and ordered another one later. The phone can act as a hotspot, sharing its Internet connection over Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or USB, and also accesses the App Store, an online application distribution platform for iOS developed and maintained by Apple. The device is made up of a unibody hard-coated polycarbonate body with a steel-reinforced frame, which also acts as an antenna.


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Here is a list of new sites on the net. Here is a link to some of the new surf apparel websites that you'll want to check out:

All Sport Apparel

All Surf Clothing

HB Sport Surf Clothing

Huntington Beach Surf Sport Shop

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We ordered a Plumber in Anaheim from ibattz.com.

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Termites eat wood, and can consequently cause great structural damage to your home if left unchecked. A typical homeowner's insurance policy does not cover destruction caused by termites, even though they cause over 1 billion dollars in damage to homes throughout the United States each year. Our inspection and treatment program can help you understand the threat of termites, and take the necessary steps to protect your home.

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Brixton Clothing, Hats & accessories - Brixton is inspired by music, culture, and the people who surround them. Clothing & Accessories - inspired by skateboarding and more and even more than that!

Kevin Carr |

HB Sport Surf Clothing

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Huntington Beach Surf Sport Shop

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Kevin Carr in Stanton |


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