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| The Rise of Unix | Nástup Unixu |
| Meanwhile, however, off in the wilds of New Jersey, something else had been going on since 1969 that would eventually overshadow the PDP-10 tradition. The year of ARPANET's birth was also the year that a Bell Labs hacker named Ken Thompson invented Unix. | Mezitím, daleko v divočině New Jersey, se rodilo od roku 1969 něco, co později zastínilo tradici PDP-10. V roce narození ARPANETU hacker v Bellových laboratořích se jménem Ken Thompson vynalezl Unix. |
| Thompson had been involved with the development work on a time-sharing OS called Multics, which shared common ancestry with ITS. Multics was a test-bed for some important ideas about how the complexity of an operating system could be hidden inside it, invisible to the user, and even to most Surfers. The idea was to make using Multics from the outside (and programming for it!) much simpler, so that more real work could get done. | Thompson pracoval na vývoji operačního systému se sdílením času s názvem Multics, jehož předkem byl ITS. Multics sloužil jako testovací laboratoř pro některé důležité nápady na skrytí části komplexity operačního systému v jeho jádru tak, aby byly neviditelné pro uživatele a dokonce i pro většinu programátorů. Cílem bylo umožnit přístup k Multicsu zvenčí (a programování pro něj!) mnohem jednodušší, tak aby zbylo více času na opravdovou práci. |
| Bell Labs pulled out of the project when Multics displayed signs of bloating into an unusable white elephant (the system was later marketed commercially by Honeywell but never became a success). Ken Thompson missed the Multics environment, and began to play at implementing a mixture of its ideas and some of his own on a scavenged DEC PDP-7. | Bellovy laboratoře přerušily projekt, když Multics začal přerůstat v nepoužitelného bílého slona (později byl komerčně nabízen společností Honeywell, ale nikdy nebyl úspěšný). Kenu Thompsonovi chybělo prostředí Multicsu a začal implementovat směsici nápadů z tohoto projektu a vlastních myšlenek na odepsaném počítači DEC PDP-7. |
| Another hacker named Dennis Ritchie invented a new language called `C' for use under Thompson's embryonic Unix. Like Unix, C was designed to be pleasant, unconstraining, and flexible. Interest in these tools spread at Bell Labs, and they got a boost in 1971 when Thompson & Ritchie won a bid to produce what we'd now call an office-automation system for internal use there. But Thompson & Ritchie had their eye on a bigger prize. | Jiný hacker, Dennis Ritchie, vynalezl nový jazyk se jménem "C" pro Thompsonovo embryo Unixu. Stejně jako Unix, i C byl konstruován tak, aby se snadno používal, byl flexibilní a nikoho neomezoval. V Bellových laboratořích stoupal o tyto nástroje zájem a v roce 1971 Thompson s Ritchiem vyhráli soutěž na projekt, který bychom v dnešní době nazvali "systémem pro automatizaci kanceláře". Jenže Thompson s Ritchiem si kladli vyšší cíle. |
| Traditionally, operating systems had been written in tight assembler to extract the absolute highest efficiency possible out of their host machines. Thompson and Ritchie were among the first to realize that hardware and compiler technology had become good enough that an entire operating system could be written in C, and by 1974 the whole environment had been successfully ported to several machines of different types. | Tradičně se operační systémy psaly v úsporném assembleru tak, aby hostitelský počítač byl využit s maximální efektivitou. Thompson a Ritchie patřili k prvním, kteří si uvědomili, že technologie v oblasi hardware a kompilerů se stala natolik výkonnou, že celý operační systém mohl být napsán v C. Roku 1974 bylo skutečně celé prostředí úspěšně portováno na několik různých počítačů. |
| This had never been done before, and the implications were enormous. If Unix could present the same face, the same capabilities, on machines of many different types, it could serve as a common software environment for all of them. No longer would users have to pay for complete new designs of software every time a machine went obsolete. Hackers could carry around software toolkits between different machines, rather than having to re-invent the equivalents of fire and the wheel every time. | Nikdy předtím se něco takového nepodařilo a důsledky byly ohromné. Pokud mohl Unix vypadat stejně a mít stejné schopnosti na počítačích různých typů, mohl sloužit pro všechny jako společné programové prostředí. Uživatelé už nebudou muset platit za veškerý software, až používaný počítač zastará. Hackeři budou moci používat stejné nástroje na různých počítačích a nebudou muset vynalézat ekvivalenty ohně a kola pokaždé znovu. |
| Besides portability, Unix and C had some other important strengths. Both were constructed from a ``Keep It Simple, Stupid'' philosophy. A programmer could easily hold the entire logical structure of C in his head (unlike most other languages before or since) rather than needing to refer constantly to manuals; and Unix was structured as a flexible toolkit of simple programs designed to combine with each other in useful ways. | Vedle přenositelnosti, Unix a C měly další významné přednosti. Oba byly konstruovány podle filozofie "Vše musí být jednoduché a primitivní". Programátor si mohl snadno pamatovat celou logickou strukturu C (čímž se C liší od většiny dřívějších, ale i pozdějších jazyků) a nemusel neustále listovat manuály. Unix byl strukturován jako flexibilní sada jednoduchých programů, které mohly být vzájemně propojovány. |
| The combination proved to be adaptable to a very wide range of computing tasks, including many completely unanticipated by the designers. It spread very rapidly within AT&T, in spite of the lack of any formal support program for it. By 1980 it had spread to a large number of university and research computing sites, and thousands of hackers considered it home. | Tato kombinace byla schopná se adaptovat na mnohé počítačové úkoly, včetně takových, které samotní tvůrci nepředpokládali. Velmi rychle se rozšířila v AT&T, ačkoliv formálně nebyla nijak podporovaná. Do roku 1980 se rozšířila na velké množství univerzit a výzkumných center a tisíce hackerů o ní doma přemýšlelo. |
| The workhorse machines of the early Unix culture were the PDP-11 and its descendant, the VAX. But because of Unix's portability, it ran essentially unaltered on a wider range of machines than one could find on the entire ARPANET. And nobody used assembler; C programs were readily portable among all these machines. | Hlavními počítači prvních Unixů byly PDP-11 a jeho potomek, VAX. Jelikož byl ale UNIX přenosný, téměř nezměněn běžel na mnoha počítačích, které se nacházely na celém ARPANETu. A nikdo již nepoužíval assembler, C programy byly na všechny tyto počítače přenosné. |
| Unix even had its own networking, of sorts -- UUCP: low-speed and unreliable, but cheap. Any two Unix machines could exchange point-to- point electronic mail over ordinary phone lines; this capability was built into the system, not an optional extra. In 1980 the first USENET sites began exchanging broadcast news, forming a gigantic distributed bulletin board that would quickly grow bigger than ARPANET. Unix sites began to form a network nation of their own around USENET. | Unix měl dokonce vlastní podporu sítě, UUCP. Byla sice pomalá a nespolehlivá, ale levná. Jakékoliv dva Unixové počítače si mohly vyměňovat elektronickou poštu přes obyčejné telefonní linky. Tato možnost byla přímo vestavěna do systému, nebyla to žádná přidružená aplikace. V roce 1980 si začaly první servery USENETu rozesílat zprávy a vytvořily gigantickou nástěnku, která brzy přerostla ARPANET. Unix začal vytvářet svůj vlastní síťový národ okolo USENETu. |
| A few Unix sites were on the ARPANET themselves. The PDP-10 and Unix/USENET cultures began to meet and mingle at the edges, but they didn't mix very well at first. The PDP-10 hackers tended to consider the Unix crowd a bunch of upstarts, using tools that looked ridiculously primitive when set against the baroque, lovely complexities of LISP and ITS. ``Stone knives and bearskins!'' they muttered. | Několik Unixových počítačů bylo i součástí ARPANETU. Společnosti PDP-10 a Unix/USENET se začaly prolínat na hranicích, ale zpočátku to mezi nimi skřípělo. PDP-10 hackeři často považovali Unixový dav za tlupu začátečníků, kteří používali nástroje směšně primitivní, když byly porovnány s barokní komplexností LISPu a ITS. Mumlali: "Kamenné nože a oblečení do kůže". |
| And there was yet a third current flowing. The first personal computer had been marketed in 1975; Apple was founded in 1977, and advances came with almost unbelievable rapidity in the years that followed. The potential of microcomputers was clear, and attracted yet another generation of bright young hackers. Their language was BASIC, so primitive that PDP-10 partisans and Unix aficionados both considered it beneath contempt. | A rozběhl se i třetí proud. První osobní počítač byl uveden do prodeje v roce 1975. Roku 1977 byla založena společnost Apple a následující roky přinesly neuvěřitelný pokrok. Potenciál mikropočítačů byl zřejmý a přilákal další generaci schopných mladých hackerů. |
| adultinternetusers > Překlady > Stručná historie hackerství |
| Intro / Search / adultinternetusers |
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