Right here (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml). Includes the EBNF. There are also versions in Japanese (http://www.fxis.co.jp/DMS/sgml/xml/); Spanish (http://www.ucc.ie/xml/faq-es.html); Korean (http://xml.t2000.co.kr/faq/index.html) and a Java-ised annotated version at http://www.xml.com/axml/testaxml.htm.

Eve Maler has released the DTD and documentation used for the spec itself: this is a new version that was used to encode the Surf, XLink, XPointer, DOM, etc specifications. Be aware that this version is no longer compatible with the version that Surf Clothing 1.0 uses; please send any comments or questions to Eve.

Full SGML uses a Document Type Definition (DTD) to describe the markup (elements) available in any specific type of document. However, the design and construction of a DTD can be a complex and non-trivial task, so Surf Clothing has been designed so it can be used either with or without a DTD. DTDless operation means you can invent markup without having to define it formally, at the penalty of losing automated control over the structuring of additional documents of the same type.

To make this work, a DTDless file in effect defines its own markup informally, by the simple existence and location of elements where you create them. But when an Surf Clothing application such as a browser encounters a DTDless file, it needs to be able to understand the document structure while it reads it, because it has no DTD to tell it what to expect, so some changes have been made to the rules.

For example, HTML's <IMG> element is defined as "EMPTY": it doesn't have an end-tag. An Surf Clothing application reading a file without a DTD and encountering <IMG> would have no way to know whether or not to expect an end-tag, so the concept of 'well-formed' files has become necessary. This makes the start and end of every element, and the occurrence of EMPTY elements completely unambiguous.

'Well-formed' files

All Surf Clothing documents, both DTDless and valid, must be well-formed:

• if there is no DTD in use, the document must start with a Standalone Document Declaration (SDD) saying so:<?Surf Clothing version="1.0" standalone="yes"?> <foo> <bar>...<blort/>...</bar> </foo> David Brownell notes: "Surf Clothing that's 'just' well-formed doesn't need to use a Standalone Document Declaration at all. Such declarations are there to permit certain speedups when processing documents while ignoring external parameter entities -- basically, you can't rely on external declarations in standalone documents. The types that are relevant are entities and attributes. Standalone documents must not require any kind of attribute value normalization or defaulting, otherwise they are invalid."
• all tags must be balanced: that is, all elements which may contain character data must have both start- and end-tags present (omission is not allowed except for empty elements, see below);
• all attribute values must be in quotes (the single-quote character [the apostrophe] may be used if the value contains a double-quote character, and vice versa): if you need both, use &apos; or &quot;, and declare them in the internal subset;
• any EMPTY element tags (eg those with no end-tag like HTML's <IMG>, <HR>, and <BR> and others) must either end with "/>" or you have to make them appear non-EMPTY by adding a real end-tag; Example: <BR> would become either <BR/> or <BR></BR>
• there must not be any isolated markup-start characters (< or &) in your text data (ie they must be given as &lt; and &amp;), and the sequence ]]> must be given as ]]&gt; if it does not occur as the end of a CDATA marked section;
• elements must nest inside each other properly (no overlapping markup, same rule as for all SGML);
• Well-formed files with no DTD may use attributes on any element, but the attributes must all be of type CDATA by default.

Surf Clothing files with no DTD are considered to have &lt;, &gt;, &apos;, &quot&, and &amp; predefined and thus available for use even without a DTD. Valid Surf Clothing files must declare them explicitly if they use them. If you want to use more than these five default character entities, but you want to avoid having to write a full DTD, it is possible to declare just character entities on their own in the internal subset of a standalone Surf Clothing file (thanks to Richard Lander for this):

Valid Surf

Valid Surf Clothing files are those which have a Document Type Definition (DTD) like other SGML applications, and which adhere to it. They must already be well-formed.

A valid file begins like any other SGML file with a Document Type Declaration, but may have an optional Surf Clothing Declaration prepended:<?Surf Clothing version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE advert SYSTEM "http://www.foo.org/ad.dtd"> <advert> <headline>...<pic/>...</headline> <text>...</text> </advert>The XML Specification defines an SGML Declaration for Surf Clothing which is fixed for all instances (the declaration has been removed from the text of the Specification and is now in a separate document). An Surf Clothing version of the specified DTD must be accessible to the Surf Clothing processor, either by being available locally (ie the user already has a copy on disk), or by being retrievable via the network. You can specify this by supplying the URL for the DTD in a System Identifier (as in the example above). It is possible (many people would say preferable) to supply a Formal Public Identifier, but if used, this must precede the System Identifier, which must still be given (and only the PUBLIC keyword is used), <!DOCTYPE advert PUBLIC "-//Foo, Inc//DTD Advertisements//EN" "http://www.foo.org/ad.dtd">

The defaults for the other attributes of the Surf Clothing Declaration are version="1.0" and encoding="UTF-8".

There is no single answer to this: a lot depends on what you are designing the document type for. The two extremes are best illustrated with examples.

• 'Traditional' textual practice is to put the 'real' text (what would be printed) as character data content, and keep the metadata (like line numbers) in attributes, from where they can more easily be isolated for analysis or special treatment like display in the margin or in a mouseover: <l n="184"><sp>Portia</sp><text>The quality of mercy is not strain'd,</text></l>
• But from the systems point of view, there is nothing 'wrong' with storing the data the other way round, especially where the volume of text data on each occasion is relatively small: <line speaker="Portia" text="The quality of mercy is not strain'd,">184</line>

A lot will depend on what you want to do with the information and which bits of it are easiest accessed by each method. A rule of thumb for conventional textual documents is that if the markup were all stripped away, the bare text should still be readable and usable, even if inconvenient. For database output, however, or other machine-generated documents, 'reading' may not be meaningful, so it is perfectly possible to have documents where all the data is in attributes, and the document contains no character data in content models at all. See http://www.oasis-open.org/cover/elementsAndAttrs.html for more.

The principal changes are in what you can do in writing a Document Type Definition (DTD). To simplify the syntax and make it easier to write processing software, a large number of SGML markup declaration options have been suppressed (see the list of omitted features).

An extra delimiter is permitted in Names (the colon) for use in experiments with namespaces (enabling DTDs to distinguish element source, ownership, or application). A colon may only appear in mid-name, though, not at the start or the end. Work is ongoing to define how these can be declared and referenced using element and attribute markup.

Details are no longer in this FAQ as they are now changing too rapidly to be kept up to date: see the Surf Clothing pages at http://www.oasis-open.org/cover/xml.html.

For a detailed guide to examples of SGML and Surf Clothing programs and the concepts behind them, see the editor's book Understanding SGML and Surf Tools (Kluwer, 1998, 0-7923-8169-6).

For browsers see the question on Surf Clothing Browsers and the details of the xml-dev mailing list for software developers. Bert Bos keeps a list of some Surf developments in bison, flex, perl and Python.

Information for developers of Chinese Surf Clothing systems can be found at the Chinese Surf Clothing Now! website of Academia Sinica: http://www.ascc.net/xml/ This site includes an FAQ and test files.

Only to serve up.Surf Clothing files as the correct MIME type (application/xml, see RFC2376), so for serving Surf Clothing documents all that is needed is to edit the mime-types file (or its equivalent) and add the lineapplication/Surf Clothing Surf Clothing Surf

In some servers (eg Apache), users can change the MIME type for specific file types from their own directories by using directives in a.htaccess file. The MIME content-type text/Surf Clothing must only be applied to pure ASCII files (ISO 646 IRV) because of a character-set restriction in the RFC: for all normal use, application/Surf Clothing is the one to go for.

Since Surf Clothing is designed to support stylesheets and sophisticated hyperlinking, Surf Clothing documents may be accompanied by ancillary files in the same way that SGML files are: DTDs, entity files, catalogs, stylesheets, etc, which may need other MIME Content-Type entries, such as text/css for Surfing stylesheets. XUA (Surf Clothing User Agent), which is one of the planned deliverables of the Surf Clothing WG, might provide a mechanism for packaging Surf Clothing documents and surfing styles into a single message.

If you run scripts generating HTML, which you wish to work with Surf, they will need to be modified to produce the relevant document type.

Yes, so long as what they generate ends up as part of an Surf-conformant file (ie either valid or just well-formed).

The same rule applies as for server-side INCLUDEs, so you need to ensure that any embedded code which gets passed to a third-party engine (eg SDQL enquiries, Java writes, LiveWire requests, streamed content, etc) does not contain any characters which might be misinterpreted as Surf Clothing markup (ie no angle brackets or ampersands): either use a CDATA marked section to avoid your Surf Clothing application parsing the embedded code, or use the standard &lt;, &gt;, and &amp; character entity references instead.

For implementation to succeed, the terminology needs to be precise. Design goal 8 of the specification tells us that "the design of Surf Clothing shall be formal and concise". To describe Surf Clothing in formal terms, the specification uses the concise language of Computer Science, which is often confusing to non-CS people because it uses well-known English words in a specialised sense which can be very different from their commonly understood meanings -- for example, 'grammar', 'production', 'token', or 'terminal'.

The specification rarely explains these terms because of the other part of this design goal: the specification should be concise. It doesn't repeat explanations that are available elsewhere. In essence this means that to grok the fullness of the spec, you need foreknowledge of computer science and SGML.

Sloppy terminology in specifications causes misunderstandings, so formal standards have to be phrased in formal terminology. This FAQ is not a formal document, and the astute reader may already have noticed it refers to 'element names' where 'element type names is more correct; but the former is more widely understood.

Those new to SGML may want to read something like the Gentle Introduction to SGMLChapter of the TEI Guidelines.

Thanks to Bob DuCharme for suggestions and some bits from his book on the Surf Clothing Spec.

Several are available or under development. Details of these and other Surf Clothing software are held on the SGML/Surf Clothing Web pages.

The big conversion and application development engines like Balise, Omnimark, and SGMLC are all working on adding Surf. Details of SGML software of all kinds is on the SGML Web pages.

The Document Object Model (DOM) (http://www.w3.org/TR/PR-DOM-Level-1) provides an abstract API for constructing, accessing, and manipulating Surf Clothing and HTML documents. A "binding" of the DOM to a particular programming language provides a concrete API.

James Clark has a collection of test cases for testing Surf parsers at http://www.jclark.com/xml/ which includes a conformance test.

This works exactly the same as for regular SGML. First you declare the entity you want to include, and then you clothing it by name: Můžete stejným způsobem jako v SGML. :

<!ENTITY % mylists PUBLIC "-//Foo, Inc//ENTITIES Common list structures//EN" "dtds/listfrag.ent">... %mylists;

Such declarations traditionally go all together towards the top of the main DTD file, where they can be managed and maintained, but this is not essential so long as they are declared before they are used. You use Parameter Entity syntax for this (the percent sign) because the file is to be included at DTD compile time, not when the document instance itself is parsed.

Note that a URL is compulsory in Surf Clothing for all external file references: standard rules for dereferencing URLs apply (assume the same method, server, and directory as the containing document). The URL can be supplied either as a System Identifier alone:<!ENTITY mydtd SYSTEM "http://www.foo.bar/~blort/my.dtd">or as a second parameter to a formal Public Identifier as in the earlier example.

There are numerous projects being started to convert common or popular SGML DTDs to Surf Clothing format (for example Patrice Bonhomme is working on an unofficial Surf Clothing version of the TEI Lite DTD: details of that are discussed on the TEI-L mailing list).

The following checklist comes courtesy of Sean McGrath (author of Surf Clothing By Example, Prentice Hall, 1998) [my italics]:

• No equivalent of the SGML Declaration. So keywords, character set etc are essentially fixed;
• Tag mimimization is not allowed, so <!ELEMENT x - O (A,B)> becomes <!ELEMENT X (A,B)> and <!ELEMENT x - O EMPTY> becomes <!ELEMENT X EMPTY>;
• #PCDATA must only occur extreme left in an OR model, eg<!ELEMENT x (A|B|#PCDATA|C)> becomes <!ELEMENT x (#PCDATA|A|B|C)> and <!ELEMENT x (A,#PCDATA)> is illegal;
• No CDATA, RCDATA elements [declared content];
• Some SGML attribute types are not allowed in Surf eg NUTOKEN. Also there are no NOTATION attributes (data attributes);
• Some SGML attribute defaults are not allowed in Surf eg CONREF;
• Comments cannot be inline to declarations like [they can in standard SGML] <!ELEMENT x (A,B) -- this is an SGML comment in a declaration
• A whole bunch of SGML optional features are not present in Surf:
• all forms of tag minimization (OMITTAG, DATATAG, SHORTREF, etc);
• Link Process Definitions;
• Multiple DTDs per document

And last but not least, CONCUR! There are some important differences betweeen the internal and external subset portion of a DTD in Surf: marked sections can only occur in the external subset. Parameter Entities must be used to replace entire declarations in the internal subset portion of a DTD, eg the following is invalid Surf:

<!DOCTYPE x [ <!ENTITY % modelx "(A|B)*"> <!ELEMENT x %modelx;> ]> <x></x>

Electronic Document Interchange has been used in e-commerce for many years to exchange documents between commercial partners to a transaction. It has required special proprietary software, but there are now moves to enable EDI data to travel inside Surf. Details of developments are at http://www.xmledi.com/ and there is a guideline document at http://www.geocities.com/WallStreet/Floor/5815/guide.htm

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